Cancer - Wikipedia. Cancer. Synonyms. Malignanttumor, malignant neoplasm. A coronal CT scan showing a malignant mesothelioma. Legend: . Palliative care is particularly important in people with advanced disease. In females, the most common types are breast cancer, colorectal cancer, lung cancer and cervical cancer. The risk of cancer increases significantly with age and many cancers occur more commonly in developed countries. A neoplasm or tumor is a group of cells that have undergone unregulated growth and will often form a mass or lump, but may be distributed diffusely. These characteristics are required to produce a malignant tumor. They include. Signs and symptoms appear as the mass grows or ulcerates. The findings that result depend on the cancer's type and location. Few symptoms are specific. Many frequently occur in individuals who have other conditions. Lethargy and weakness-- these are vague but common symptoms of illness in dogs. And many things, some of them quite serious, can make your dog weak or lethargic. Sudden weight loss in dogs may signal serious medical conditions and should be reported to the vet. This weight loss in dogs may be caused by: Diabetes. Fermented drinks are the rage these days and health-aware consumers are clamouring for drinks like kefir, kombutcha and kvass. Absolute Organix is pleased to. A large collection of information on health and behavior problems relating to dog and cats. Menopause, by definition, is the absence of menstrual periods for 12 consecutive months. The age of onset varies for each woman. Menopause symptoms include hot. Learn more about the normal aging process and expected changes in the behavior, needs, and care of older (senior, geriatric) dogs. Cancer is a . Thus, it is common for people diagnosed with cancer to have been treated for other diseases, which were hypothesized to be causing their symptoms. The risk of suicide in people with cancer is approximately double. For example, mass effects from lung cancer can block the bronchus resulting in cough or pneumonia; esophageal cancer can cause narrowing of the esophagus, making it difficult or painful to swallow; and colorectal cancer may lead to narrowing or blockages in the bowel, affecting bowel habits. Masses in breasts or testicles may produce observable lumps. Ulceration can cause bleeding that, if it occurs in the lung, will lead to coughing up blood, in the bowels to anemia or rectal bleeding, in the bladder to blood in the urine and in the uterus to vaginal bleeding. Although localized pain may occur in advanced cancer, the initial swelling is usually painless. Some cancers can cause a buildup of fluid within the chest or abdomen. These may include: unintentional weight loss, fever, excessive fatigue and changes to the skin. Examples include the appearance of myasthenia gravis in thymoma and clubbing in lung cancer. When cancer spreads by a hematogenous route, it usually spreads all over the body. However, cancer 'seeds' grow in certain selected site only ('soil') as hypothesized in the soil and seed hypothesis of cancer metastasis. The symptoms of metastatic cancers depend on the tumor location and can include enlarged lymph nodes (which can be felt or sometimes seen under the skin and are typically hard), enlarged liver or enlarged spleen, which can be felt in the abdomen, pain or fracture of affected bones and neurological symptoms. The remaining 5–1. For example, if a person who uses tobacco heavily develops lung cancer, then it was probably caused by the tobacco use, but since everyone has a small chance of developing lung cancer as a result of air pollution or radiation, the cancer may have developed for one of those reasons. Excepting the rare transmissions that occur with pregnancies and occasional organ donors, cancer is generally not a transmissible disease. These substances are called carcinogens. Tobacco smoke, for example, causes 9. A high- salt diet is linked to gastric cancer. For example, gastric cancer is more common in Japan due to its high- salt diet. Immigrant cancer profiles develop mirror that of their new country, often within one generation. Bacterial infection may also increase the risk of cancer, as seen in Helicobacter pylori- induced gastric carcinoma. Sources of ionizing radiation include medical imaging and radon gas. Ionizing radiation is not a particularly strong mutagen. Children and adolescents are twice as likely to develop radiation- induced leukemia as adults; radiation exposure before birth has ten times the effect. Ionizing radiation may be used to treat other cancers, but this may, in some cases, induce a second form of cancer. Hereditary cancers are primarily caused by an inherited genetic defect. Less than 0. 3% of the population are carriers of a genetic mutation that has a large effect on cancer risk and these cause less than 3–1. It is possible that repeated burns on the same part of the body, such as those produced by kanger and kairo heaters (charcoal hand warmers), may produce skin cancer, especially if carcinogenic chemicals are also present. These higher hormone levels may explain their higher risk of breast cancer, even in the absence of a breast- cancer gene. People with untreated celiac disease have a higher risk, but this risk decreases with time after diagnosis and strict treatment, probably due to the adoption of a gluten- free diet, which seems to have a protective role against development of malignancy in people with celiac disease. However, the delay in diagnosis and initiation of a gluten- free diet seems to increase the risk of malignancies. Also, immunomodulators and biologic agents used to treat these diseases may promote developing extra- intestinal malignancies. Each mutation alters the behavior of the cell somewhat. Genetics. Cancer is fundamentally a disease of tissue growth regulation. In order for a normal cell to transform into a cancer cell, the genes that regulate cell growth and differentiation must be altered. Oncogenes are genes that promote cell growth and reproduction. Tumor suppressor genes are genes that inhibit cell division and survival. Malignant transformation can occur through the formation of novel oncogenes, the inappropriate over- expression of normal oncogenes, or by the under- expression or disabling of tumor suppressor genes. Typically, changes in multiple genes are required to transform a normal cell into a cancer cell. The gain or loss of an entire chromosome can occur through errors in mitosis. More common are mutations, which are changes in the nucleotide sequence of genomic DNA. Large- scale mutations involve the deletion or gain of a portion of a chromosome. Genomic amplification occurs when a cell gains copies (often 2. Translocation occurs when two separate chromosomal regions become abnormally fused, often at a characteristic location. A well- known example of this is the Philadelphia chromosome, or translocation of chromosomes 9 and 2. BCR- ablfusion protein, an oncogenic tyrosine kinase. Small- scale mutations include point mutations, deletions, and insertions, which may occur in the promoter region of a gene and affect its expression, or may occur in the gene's coding sequence and alter the function or stability of its protein product. Disruption of a single gene may also result from integration of genomic material from a DNA virus or retrovirus, leading to the expression of viral oncogenes in the affected cell and its descendants. Replication of the data contained within the DNA of living cells will probabilistically result in some errors (mutations). Complex error correction and prevention is built into the process and safeguards the cell against cancer. If a significant error occurs, the damaged cell can self- destruct through programmed cell death, termed apoptosis. If the error control processes fail, then the mutations will survive and be passed along to daughter cells. Some environments make errors more likely to arise and propagate. Such environments can include the presence of disruptive substances called carcinogens, repeated physical injury, heat, ionising radiation or hypoxia. This rebellion- like scenario is an undesirable survival of the fittest, where the driving forces of evolution work against the body's design and enforcement of order. Once cancer has begun to develop, this ongoing process, termed clonal evolution, drives progression towards more invasive stages. Later epigenetic alterations' role was identified. Examples of such modifications are changes in DNA methylation (hypermethylation and hypomethylation), histone modification. These changes may remain through cell divisions, last for multiple generations and can be considered to be epimutations (equivalent to mutations). Epigenetic alterations occur frequently in cancers. As an example, one study listed protein coding genes that were frequently altered in their methylation in association with colon cancer. These included 1. Of the hypermethylated genes, 1. Such alterations are thought to occur early in progression to cancer and to be a likely cause of the genetic instability characteristic of cancers. This is shown in the figure at the 4th level from the top. Mutation rates increase substantially in cells defective in DNA mismatch repair. During repair of DNA double strand breaks, or repair of other DNA damage, incompletely cleared repair sites can cause epigenetic gene silencing. Individuals with an inherited impairment in any of 3. DNA repair genes (see article DNA repair- deficiency disorder) have increased cancer risk, with some defects ensuring a 1. However, such germline mutations (which cause highly penetrant cancer syndromes) are the cause of only about 1 percent of cancers. This is indicated in the figure at the 3rd level. Many studies of heavy metal- induced carcinogenesis show that such heavy metals cause a reduction in expression of DNA repair enzymes, some through epigenetic mechanisms. DNA repair inhibition is proposed to be a predominant mechanism in heavy metal- induced carcinogenicity. In addition, frequent epigenetic alterations of the DNA sequences code for small RNAs called micro. RNAs (or mi. RNAs). Mutations, however, may not be as frequent in cancers as epigenetic alterations. An average cancer of the breast or colon can have about 6. The dispersed tumors are called metastatic tumors, while the original is called the primary tumor. Almost all cancers can metastasize. The typical steps in metastasis are local invasion, intravasation into the blood or lymph, circulation through the body, extravasation into the new tissue, proliferation and angiogenesis. Different types of cancers tend to metastasize to particular organs, but overall the most common places for metastases to occur are the lungs, liver, brain and the bones. Absolute Organix Lifematrix – SA's natural and organic specialists. My son was lactose intolerant at birth and like all good parents (or so we thought at the time) we changed his formula to soy. The pediatrician had nothing but praise for it. Soy, after all, is a big feature of many Asian diets and countries like Japan seem to have a much better health profile then the West. And so soy found its way increasingly into our diet – by design and by stealth. Soy milk, soy yoghurt, tofu, soy oil, soy protein, miso, soy sauce, beef (soy is all over cattle feed and we are what we eat eats) . There are so many negative aspects to soy, yet it continues to be aggressively touted as a health food and I would guess that most people would, if asked, give soy the thumbs up as a nutrient- rich, healthy food. It couldn’t be further from the truth. If you eat soy products, I hope you’ll take the time to read the article below which reveals the depressing reality about this ever- present food in our diets. Sally Fallon & Mary G. Enig, Ph. Dhttp: //www. Soy- Alert/The propaganda that has created the soy sales miracle is all the more remarkable because, only a few decades ago, the soybean was considered unfit to eat – even in Asia. The soybean did not serve as a food until the discovery of fermentation techniques, some time during the Chou Dynasty (1. BC). The first soy foods were fermented products like tempeh, natto, miso and soy sauce. At a later date, possibly in the 2nd century BC, Chinese scientists discovered that a pur. The use of fermented and precipitated soy products soon spread to other parts of the Orient, notably Japan and Indonesia. The Chinese did not eat unfermented soybeans as they did other legumes such as lentils because the soybean contains large quantities of natural toxins or “antinutrients”. First among them are potent enzyme inhibitors that block the action of trypsin and other enzymes needed for protein digestion. These inhibitors are large, tightly folded proteins that are not completely deactivated during ordinary cooking. They can produce serious gastric distress, reduced protein digestion and chronic deficiencies in amino acid uptake. In test animals, diets high in trypsin inhibitors cause enlargement and pathological conditions of the pancreas, including cancer. Soybeans also contain haemagglutinin, a clot- promoting substance that causes red blood cells to clump together. Trypsin inhibitors and haemagglutinin are growth inhibitors. Weanling rats fed soy containing these antinutrients fail to grow normally. Growth- depressant compounds are deactivated during the process of fermentation, so once the Chinese discovered how to ferment the soybean, they began to incorporate soy foods into their diets. In precipitated products, enzyme inhibitors concentrate in the soaking liquid rather than in the curd. Thus, in tofu and bean curd, growth depressants are reduced in quantity but not completely eliminated. Soy also contains goitrogens – substances that depress thyroid function. Additionally, a very large percentage of soy is genetically modified and it also has one of the highest percentages of contamination by pesticides of any of our foods. Soybeans are high in phytic acid, present in the bran or hulls of all seeds. It’s a substance that can block the uptake of essential minerals – calcium, magnesium, copper, iron and especially zinc – in the intestinal tract. Although not a household word, phytic acid has been extensively studied; there are literally hundreds of articles on the effects of phytic acid in the current scientific literature. Scientists are in general agreement that grain- and legume- based diets high in phytates contribute to widespread mineral deficiencies in third world countries. Analysis shows that calcium, magnesium, iron and zinc are present in the plant foods eaten in these areas, but the high phytate content of soy- and grain- based diets prevents their absorption. The soybean has one of the highest phytate levels of any grain or legume that has been studied,1. Only a long period of fermentation will significantly reduce the phytate content of soybeans. When precipitated soy products like tofu are consumed with meat, the mineral- blocking effects of the phytates are reduced. The Japanese traditionally eat a small amount of tofu or miso as part of a mineral- rich fish broth, followed by a serving of meat or fish. Vegetarians who consume tofu and bean curd as a substitute for meat and dairy products risk severe mineral deficiencies. The results of calcium, magnesium and iron deficiency are well known; those of zinc are less so. Zinc is called the intelligence mineral because it is needed for optimal development and functioning of the brain and nervous system. It plays a role in protein synthesis and collagen formation; it is involved in the blood- sugar control mechanism and thus protects against diabetes; it is needed for a healthy reproductive system. Zinc is a key component in numerous vital enzymes and plays a role in the immune system. Phytates found in soy products interfere with zinc absorption more completely than with other minerals. Zinc deficiency can cause a “spacey” feeling that some vegetarians may mistake for the “high” of spiritual enlightenment. Milk drinking is given as the reason why second- generation Japanese in America grow taller than their native ancestors. Some investigators postulate that the reduced phytate content of the American diet – whatever may be its other deficiencies – is the true explanation, pointing out that both Asian and Western children who do not get enough meat and fish products to counteract the effects of a high phytate diet, frequently suffer rickets, stunting and other growth problems. Soy Protein Isolate: Not So Friendly Soy processors have worked hard to get these antinutrients out of the finished product, particularly soy protein isolate (SPI) which is the key ingredient in most soy foods that imitate meat and dairy products, including baby formulas and some brands of soy milk. SPI is not something you can make in your own kitchen. Production takes place in industrial factories where a slurry of soy beans is first mixed with an alkaline solution to remove fiber, then precipitated and separated using an acid wash and, finally, neutralized in an alkaline solution. Acid washing in aluminum tanks leaches high levels of aluminum into the final product. The resultant curds are spray- dried at high temperatures to produce a high- protein powder. A final indignity to the original soybean is high- temperature, high- pressure extrusion processing of soy protein isolate to produce textured vegetable protein (TVP). Much of the trypsin inhibitor content can be removed through high- temperature processing, but not all. Trypsin inhibitor content of soy protein isolate can vary as much as fivefold. In rats, even low- level trypsin inhibitor SPI feeding results in reduced weight gain compared to controls. But high- temperature processing has the unfortunate side- effect of so denaturing the other proteins in soy that they are rendered largely ineffective. That’s why animals on soy feed need lysine supplements for normal growth. Nitrites, which are potent carcinogens, are formed during spray- drying, and a toxin called lysinoalanine is formed during alkaline processing. Numerous artificial flavorings, particularly MSG, are added to soy protein isolate and textured vegetable protein products to mask their strong “beany” taste and to impart the flavor of meat. In feeding experiments, the use of SPI increased requirements for vitamins E, K, D and B1. Phytic acid remaining in these soy products greatly inhibits zinc and iron absorption; test animals fed SPI develop enlarged organs, particularly the pancreas and thyroid gland, and increased deposition of fatty acids in the liver. Yet soy protein isolate and textured vegetable protein are used extensively in school lunch programs, commercial baked goods, diet beverages and fast food products. They are heavily promoted in third world countries and form the basis of many food giveaway programs. In spite of poor results in animal feeding trials, the soy industry has sponsored a number of studies designed to show that soy protein products can be used in human diets as a replacement for traditional foods. An example is “Nutritional Quality of Soy Bean Protein Isolates: Studies in Children of Preschool Age”, sponsored by the Ralston Purina Company. A group of Central American children suffering from malnutrition was first stabilized and brought into better health by feeding them native foods, including meat and dairy products. Then, for a two- week period, these traditional foods were replaced by a drink made of soy protein isolate and sugar. All nitrogen taken in and all nitrogen excreted was measured in truly Orwellian fashion: the children were weighed naked every morning, and all excrement and vomit gathered up for analysis. The researchers found that the children retained nitrogen and that their growth was “adequate”, so the experiment was declared a success. Whether the children were actually healthy on such a diet, or could remain so over a long period, is another matter. The researchers noted that the children vomited “occasionally”, usually after finishing a meal; that over half suffered from periods of moderate diarrhea; that some had upper respiratory infections; and that others suffered from rash and fever. It should be noted that the researchers did not dare to use soy products to help the children recover from malnutrition, and were obliged to supplement the soy- sugar mixture with nutrients largely absent in soy products – notably, vitamins A, D and B1. Marketing The Perfect Food “Just imagine you could grow the perfect food. This food not only would provide affordable nutrition, but also would be delicious and easy to prepare in a variety of ways. It would be a healthful food, with no saturated fat.
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